ortho

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Valencia College *

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1611C

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Medicine

Date

Oct 30, 2023

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docx

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Introduction Orthopedics is the branch of medicine concerned with the preservation and restoration of the function of the musculoskeletal system and the treatment of muscular and skeletal diseases such as poliomyelitis and muscular dystrophy. Disorders of vertebral disks, fractures, joint injuries , correction of deformities , and diseases such as arthritis are also concerns of orthopedics. The human body is made up of about 40 percent to 50 percent muscle and 206 bones. In the body, bones perform three major functions: They form the support framework, provide protection for internal organs, and make movement possible with the help of muscles. Bones are made up of approximately 50 percent water and 50 percent solid matter called osseous tissue. Bones are classified into long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid. Features found in all bones include compact bone, periosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis, endosteum, medullary canal, and cancellous or spongy bone. The vertebral column is made up of 26 separate bones called vertebrae, grouped in five segments from the base of the skull to the tailbone. The spinal column consists of 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar vertebrae. The sacrum is one fused vertebra, and the coccyx , or tailbone, is the last bone in the vertebral column. When the vertebral column is not aligned properly, 3 curvatures may occur— scoliosis, lordosis , and kyphosis. A very serious bone abnormality, osteoporosis , is caused by a decrease in bone mass. This serious condition affects more than 25 million Americans. More women than men are affected by this disease process. The muscles are connected to the bones, ligaments, cartilage, and skin either directly or through the intervention of fibrous structures called tendons or fascia , sometimes called aponeuroses. Common operative procedures performed by orthopedists are hip replacements; knee replacements; open reductions and internal fixations (ORIFs); arthroscopy of the knee, shoulder, and joints (e.g., ankle, elbow, wrist); and amputations. Arthroscopies are some of the

most common orthopedic procedures performed today. Orthopedic surgeons are now able to perform ligament reconstructions, meniscal repairs, and tendon repairs with the aid of an arthroscope. Orthopedics/Orthopedic Surgery Abbreviations The abbreviations, acronyms, and terms in the following abbreviations and terminology sections are often dictated in this specialty. We offer abbreviated definitions here. Please see an unabridged medical dictionary or the suggested web sites in this chapter for more information on each term. ABDs a type of plain gauze dressing AC acromioclavicular ACL anterior cruciate ligament AO anterior oblique AP anteroposterior APB abductor pollicis brevis (tendon) AVN avascular necrosis C1 cervical vertebra, first C2 cervical vertebra, second C3 cervical vertebra, third CAM controlled ankle motion (a boot or walker used in patients with severe ankle injuries) CDH congenital dislocation of hip CPM continuous passive motion CPPD calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease CRNA certified registered nurse anesthetist CTR carpal tunnel release CVA costovertebral angle DI dorsal interossei DIPJ distal interphalangeal joint DJD degenerative joint disease DP dorsalis pedis DTR deep tendon reflex DVT deep venous thrombosis

EPL extensor pollicis longus (tendon) Fx fracture FROM full range of motion FWB full weight-bearing HD hip disarticulation HNP herniated nucleus pulposus I&D incision and drainage IDK internal derangement of the knee IM intramuscular INR international normalized ratio IP interphalangeal IPJ interphalangeal joint IT iliotibial KB knee bearing KD knee disarticulation KJ knee jerk L1 lumbar vertebra, first L2 lumbar vertebra, second L3 lumbar vertebra, third LAC> long arm cast LLC long leg cast LLCC long leg cylinder cast LOM limitation or loss of motion MCP metacarpophalangeal MPJ metacarpophalangeal joint MS musculoskeletal NWB nonweight-bearing OA osteoarthritis OATS osteochondral autograft transfer system (surgical procedure) ORIF open reduction, internal fixation PCL posterior cruciate ligament PEMFS pulsing electromagnetic fields

PIPJ proximal interphalangeal joint PMR physical medicine and rehabilitation PWB partial weight bearing RA rheumatoid arthritis RF radiofrequency ROM range of motion RUE right upper extremity SAC short arm cast SACH foot solid ankle, cushioned heel (type of prosthetic foot that allows flexion, extension, inversion, and eversion) SCFE slipped capital femoral epiphysis SD shoulder disarticulation SERF Severity of Exacerbation and Risk Factors SLAP lesion superior labral anteroposterior (shoulder) lesion SLC short leg cast SLR straight leg raising T1 thoracic vertebra, first T2 thoracic vertebra, second T3 thoracic vertebra, third TENS transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (unit) THR total hip replacement TJ triceps jerk Tx tiracdon Anatomic Illustrations Figure 10-1 Skeletal system

Figure 10-2 Abnormal curvatures of the vertebral column

Figure 10-3 Types of bone fractures

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