Copy of Lab 2 - Ohm’s Law

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University of Massachusetts, Amherst *

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152

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Electrical Engineering

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Jan 9, 2024

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pdf

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13

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Lab 2 - Ohm’s Law Overview In this lab you will learn about electrical resistance and its connection to Ohm’s Law . Ohm’s Law simply states when a voltage is applied to a circuit, a current will flow through the circuit. The amount of current is directly proportional to the applied voltage. (1) The portionally between the voltage and current is the resistance of the circuit. If the resistance is a constant (it does not change if the applied voltage changes), then resistance obeys Ohm’s Law: (2) The units of resistance are measured (not surprisingly) in ohms ( ). In this lab you will use resistors, circuit elements with constant resistance, to construct different circuits and test Ohm’s law. Since a resistor’s resistance is constant, it is said to be ohmic . But not all circuit elements are ohmic as you will see in later labs. Part 1 - The Voltage Divider A voltage divider is one the simplest circuit you can construct. I basically consist of two resistors connected in series with each other. You will construct a voltage divider using the breadboard and two 10,000 or 10k . Remember 1k = 1,000 . From the Electricity and Magnetism Accessory Pack take out two 10k resistors from the pack.You can check if you have the right resistors using the color bands on them. The color bands represent a numerical code for the resistance of the resistor. For at 4-band resistor the color code is: A helpful calculator for resistance from color code
The 10k resistors in your E&M pack have the color bands brown ( 1 ), black ( 0 ), orange ( 1000 ), and gold ( 5% ). The color corresponds to either a digit, a multiplier, or a tolerance. So for the case of a 10k , the resistance is: ( 1 10 + 0 1) 1000 5% = 10,000 5% The tolerance means that the manufacturer rates the value of resistance within a percentage of the nominal value. For example, the actual value of the resistance of the 10k with a tolerance of 5% may be between 9.5k and 10.5k . Now construct a voltage divider. Here is a circuit diagram of what the voltage divider looks like:
You will also need to connect wires to the iOLab. The iOLab will function as both a voltage source and a voltmeter and ammeter. Connect the top end of the first resistor (R1) to the 3.3V voltage source on the iOLab. Connect the bottom end of R1 to the A7 input. A7 will function as a voltmeter. Connect the bottom end of the second resistor (R2) to the GND on the iOLab. When you are done you voltage divider may look like this: Red alligator clip is connected to 3.3V Blue alligator clip is connected to A7. White alligator clip is connected to GND.
Now let’s measure the voltage of the voltage divider. Setup the iOLab and iOLab app: Connect the dongle to the USB port on your computer. Turn on the iOLab. Launch the iOLab app and select Analog 7 (A7) from the list of sensors. Click Record and record the voltage measured by Analog 7. Allow the recording to run for 5 to 10 seconds. Click the Analog Mode button (bar chart button) on the toolbar in the app. Click and hold the mouse arrow and drag the arrow across a segment of the data in the graph. 1. Take a screenshot of the iOLab app with the data of the voltage divider and paste it here: 2. Record the average voltage ( ) +/- and the uncertainty ( ) measured by A7 in the table below: Average Voltage (V) 1.6413 V +/- .0034 V 3. How does the value of the average voltage compare to the voltage supplied by the iOLab? Explain how the voltage divider “divides” the voltage in terms of the resistance of the resistors. The voltage divider divides the voltage basically in half as the current has to run through the resistors before reaching the output, resulting in the resistances halving the input voltage by the time the current reaches the output. The resistors are in series, thus the resistance is doubled and the voltage is halved.
Part 2 - Ohm’s Law Now let’s test Ohm’s Law. You will construct a circuit and measure both the voltage across and current through the circuit using the iOLab. First you will construct a circuit that looks like this: Replace the second resistor R2 with a 1 resistor. A 1 resistor has band colors brown( 1 ), black( 0 ), gold( 0.1 ), and gold( 5% ). Your circuit should look like this: Red alligator clip is connected to DAC.
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