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200 cr ¢ Demand Forecasting in a Supply Chain 1. Consider monihl d for the ABC Corporation, as own in Table 7.3, | the monthly demand for Year € 18 the static method for forecasting. Evaluate the bias, TS TABLE 7-3 Monthly Demand for ABC Sales Tot 78,000 89, 2. Weekly demand figures at Hot Pizza are as shown. Estimate lemand for the next 4 weeks using a 4-week moving aver, imple exponential smoothing with a te the MAD, MAPE, MSE and TS Which of the two methods do you prefer? Why? bias, n each case i Week Demand ($) 91 3. Quarterly demand for flowers at a [ wholesaler are as shown ecast quarterly demand for year 5 using simple exponen- ial smoothing with @ = 0.1 as well as Holt's model with b, MAPE, and MSE. Evaluate the quqy, MA forecast. = 0.1and B = 0.1. Which of the o methods do o, fer? Why - Demand ($000) vy
4 Consider monthly demand for the ABC Co poun in Table 7-3. For Poration as st the monthly demand for rmoving average,simple exponenil s 1o model, and Winter's model. In each case, evaluate the i Ts. MAD, MAPE, and MSE. Whic i you prefer? Why? For the Hot Pizza dat usin h forecasting method do 222 daa in Execise 2, compare th perfor- mance of simple exponential smoothing with — 09. What difference in forec Sl o P asts do you observe? Which of the two smoothing constants do you prefer? 6. Monthiy demand at A&D Electronics for flat-screen TVs 4s shown. Estimate demand for the next two months «imple exponential smoothing with a are using 03 and Holt's model with @ = 0.05.and B = 0.1. For the |mp]s:”:’\yttlm‘e‘n— ial smoothing model, use the level at Period 0 1o be 659 (the average demand over the 12 months). For Holt's model, use level at Period 0 to be Ly = 948 and the trend in Period 0 to be T = 109 (both are obtained through ression). Evaluate the MAD, MAPE, MSE, bias, and TS in cach case. Which of the two methods do you prefer? Why? Month Demand (units) 1 1,000 2 1113 3 127 4 1,445 5 1,558 6 1,648 7 1724 8 1,850 9 1,864 10 2,076 w. . eden. 12 2191 7. Using the A&D Electronics data in Exercise 6, repeat Holt's 0.5and B = 0.5. Compare the performance of Holt's model with & = 0.0S and 8 = 0.1. Which combi- nation of smoothing constants do you prefer? Why? Weekly demand for dry pasta at a supermarket chain is as shown. Estimate demand for the next four weeks 11 to 14 usin week moving average, as well as simple exponential smoothing with @ = 0.2 Evaluate the MAD, MAPE, MSE, bias, and TS in each case. Which of the two methods do you prefer? Why? ——— Week Demand (units) model with a 8. five- 1 517 Chapter 7 ¢ Demand Forecasting in a Supply Chain 201 - Week Demand (units) 5 498 9. Quarterly demand for smartphones at a retailer is 3, and seasonal After obtaining initial estimates for level, tr factors, forecast quarterly demand for year 5 using Win model with @ = 0,05, 8 = 0.10,and y = 0.15. Evaluate the MAD, MAPE, MSE, bias, and TS for the forecast. C find values of a, B, y that result in a lower MAD or MSE - Year Quarter Demand 1 | 513 [ 932 ] 1,509 10. Quarterly demand for dishwashers at a white goods retailer is as shown. After obtaining initial estimates for lev end, and sea sonal factors, forecast quarterly demand for year 5 using Wi ter's model witha = 0.10, 8 = 0.10,and y = 0.10. Evaluate the MAD, MAPE, MSE, bias, and TS for the forecast. Can you find values of a, B, that result in a lower MAD or MSE? Year Quarter Demand
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Related Questions
FORCASTING Month Time QJan 1 46Feb 2 56Mar 3 72Apr 4 67May 5 77Jun 6 66Jul 7 69Aug 8 79Sep 9 88Oct 10 91Nov 11 94Dec 12 104Jan ?Feb ?
Make a forecast of the demand for the month of January and February
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Consider the following actual and forecast demandlevels for Big Mac hamburgers at a local McDonald’s restaurant:DAY ACTUAL DEMAND FORECAST DEMANDMonday 88 88Tuesday 72 88Wednesday 68 84Thursday 48 80FridayThe forecast for Monday was derived by observing Monday’sdemand level and setting Monday’s forecast level equal to this
demand level. Subsequent forecasts were derived by using expo-nential smoothing with a smoothing constant of 0.25. Using this
exponential smoothing method, what is the forecast for Big Macdemand for Friday?
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the following data represents a set do demands that have occurred over the last several years at a soap making company. The data were collected on an annual basis.
Year
Actual Demand (At)
Forecast (Ft)
1
310
2
365
3
395
4
415
5
450
6
465
7
a) using the SIMPLE AVERAGE method to predict the demand for the 7th year
b) the SIMPLE MOVING AVERAGE method to predict the demand for the 7th year
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Co. XYZ manufactures a productand sells it for $8 per unit. Her fixedcosts are $5,000 and her variablecost per unit is given by the equationCalculate the equilibrium quantity qalgebraically. 2.444 (X)-2200
A. (q-800)
B. q=900
C. (q 650)
D. None of the above
In the previous problem (27), calculate the amount ofequilibrium Total Income. A. 4,500
B.$3,000
C. $7,200
D. $9,000
In the above problem (27), calculate thebreak-even Total Cost amount. A. 4,500
B. $3,000
C. $9,200
D. 7,200
In the previous problem (27)determine the profit when q-1800.modes of
A. $4,500
B. 5,000
C.$6,000
D. 7,000
In the previous problem (27), determine the gain when q-450. A. $2,500
B. -$2,500
C.$6,000
D. -$4,500
In the aboveproblem (27), find the required output (q), to make a profit of$10,000. A. 3,000
B. 4,000
C. 2,500D. 2,700
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KSU Products has just carried out a survey of the demand fortheir guidebooks to spoken Arabic. They have found thefollowing results over the last six months.Sales revenue 356 398 372 360 365 350Price ($) 4.5 4.0 4.2 4.5 4.3 4.8a. Estimate an appropriate demand relationship; Q=aPb.b. Make a forecast of sales revenue for a price of $5, statingany assumptions.c. Estimate the price elasticity of demand for the data as a whole.d. If price is raised 10 per cent in general terms, what willhappen to revenue?
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MOER
The table below shows how supply and demand
Price ($/gal) Demand (million of gal.)
1
1.2
790
700
1.4
640
1.6
580
1.95
497
2.2
450
2.4
430
2.6
420
2.8
390
3
360
Note: there is some randomization in the above data to account for price fluctuations. Make sure to check that
you input the correct data in your device.
Perform the following work
• Assume that Supply has a quadratic relationship with the price. Find this relationship (the help buttons
contain an article to compute trend-lines in Excel):
-21.935p² + 207.365p+339.085 Round your answer to 3 decimal places
S(p)
●
D(p):
=
1.53
• Assume that the Demand has a quadratic relationship with the price. Find this relationship (the help
button links to an article to compute trend-lines in Excel):
85.561p² - 543.789p + 1236.729 Round your answer to 3 decimal places
Video
Solve | Sn...
of gasoliine vary depending on the price:
Supply (million of gal.)
511
550
600
641
660
680
700
720
735
786
605
-
• Use the trendlines to find the price…
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Part C
3. The manager of a certain gasoline station wants to forecast the demand for the unleaded gasoline next month so that the
proper number of gallons can be ordered from the distributor. The manager has accumulated the following data demand for
unleaded gasoline from sales during the past eight months.
Month
Gasoline Demanded (gallons)
Mar
900
Given that the forecast for March is 920.
Apr
755
May
650
Jun
550
Jul
625
Aug
730
Sept
820
Oct
1 100
a. Compute the exponential smoothed forecast for the demand from April to November. Use a = 0.25.
b. Compute the exponential smoothed forecast for the demand from April to November. Use a = 0.45.
c. Plot the actual demand and the forecasts determined in part a and b on the same graph and compare them.
d. Make a comparative analysis out of your answers in the plotted data. (3-5 sentences)
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Ques 8and 9 please
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In the past Peter Kelles tire dealership in Baton Rouge sold an average of 1100 radials each year. In the past 2 years 220 and 240 respectively were sold in fall 360 and 320 in winter and 140 and 160 in spring and 300 and 460 in summer. With a major expansion planned, Kelle projects sales next year to increase to 1300 radials.
Based on next years projected sales the demand for each season is going to be (enter your responses as whole numbers)
Season Demand
Fall 272
Winter [__]
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Question 40
The demand for commodity X is represented by the equation P = 100 - Q and supply by the equation P = 40 + Q. The equilibrium
quantity is:
40
30
20
70
« Previous
Next »
No new data to save. Last checked at 7:37pm
Submit
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I Consider the demand for trading cards listed below.
Month
Demand
Jan.
51,000
48,000
Feb.
March
55,000
April
May
58,000
66,000
June
69,000
80,000
July
Aug.
95,000
Use Excel to prepare a forecast for September, October, and November using linear regression Print
out the sheet of results, as well as a sheet containing the formulas that you used ( can be
used to toggle between displaying values and displaying formulas or you can click on
Formulas>Formula Auditing→Show Formulas.)
and for the cars is 16.000
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The demand of a product of a company is given below for the
periods. Can we use Winter method for forecasting demands of the
A following 3 periods? Why? If yes, apply it
past
4.
6.
Demand
27
31
40
31
35
45
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Based on the information in the following table, use the Exponential Smoothing
Approach (a = 0.5) to forecast the demand for periods 4-11
PERIOD
MONTH
Demand
Forecast
Jan
89
2.
Feb
151
89
3
Mar
60
120
4.
Apr
107
May
131
9.
Jun
140
7
Jul
71
8.
Aug
94
sep
102
10
Oct
119
11
Nov
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One of South Africa’s biggest highways is getting an upgrade – with traffic delays comingsooner than expectedThe South African National Roads Agency (Sanral) has announced that it will introduce traffic measures on the N3highway outside Pietermaritzburg earlier than expected as it begins major upgrade work.The agency said it will move to introduce a ‘contraflow’ traffic pattern between Camperdown and Dardanelles onthe N3 route from Wednesday evening (9 March).The route is seen as one of the country’s major arteries and is seen as essential to the flow of food and otheressential goods from the country’s biggest port in Durban to its most populous city Johannesburg.“Contraflow is a temporary arrangement where traffic on a road is transferred from its usual side to share the otherhalf of the carriageway with traffic moving in the opposite direction,” said Mohamed Parak, Sanral’s eastern regionproject manager.
The upgrade to the highway is aimed at addressing which form of market failure?…
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HW-15 (Please answer the given answer form)
Problem 1: Determine the MSE based on the following forecast
(Carry on up to two decimal points).
6
Month 1 234
Demand 22 11 18 10 17
Forecast 20 14 16 12 19 18
Problem 2: Consider the following demand data (Carry on up
to two decimal points).
Month
Demand 22 11 18 10
a. Develop a forecast for Month 6 demand using a three-month
moving average for given data.
b. Develop a forecast for month 5 demand using Weighted
Moving Average with w1-0.2 (February), w2=0.3 (March),
and w3-0.5 (April).
Problem 3:
Consider the following time series data (Carry on up to two
decimal points).
Develop a forecast from Months 1 to 6 using exponential
smoothing with for given data. (2 points)
Month 1 2 345
Demand 220 110 180 100 170
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Pls help with belwo homework.
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i need 3 question solution other pic is just for reference of graph and this is LM and IS data
In goods market equilibrium, Y = C + I + G
Y = 130 + 0.8(Y - 380) + 160 - 10r + 310 [as YD = Y - T]
Y = 600 + 0.8Y - 304 - 10r
0.2Y = 296 - 10r
Y = 1,480 - 50r...........(IS schedule)
In money market equilibrium, Md = Ms
75 + 0.12Y - 10r = 195
0.12Y = 120 + 10r
Y = 1,000 + 83.33r..........(LM schedule)
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Note: please answer the need 7and,8
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he price of bauxiteincreased to its highest level due to conditions which impacted supply. Historically, bauxite has traded at between 1500 and 1600 USD per tonne. But the price increased to over 1900USD in November 2020. Growing demand in Canada for bauxite to be turned into aluminium, coupled with a sharp fall in Jamaican production have both been factors in the price increase. Bauxite production in Jamaica for 2017-18 fell 65% year-on-year due to flood conditions causing damages as well as increased competition. The London Metal Exchange predicts that global consumption of bauxite is likely to be greater than production by 20 million tonnes next year. In the US, companies in the steel and petrol industry have put pressure on the US government to relax import controls, warning that otherwise they might run out of bauxite. Commentators predict that most steel and petrol producers will be unaffected because bauxite is such a small part of their spending.
d. How might companies in the…
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OE. They will save between the ages of 35 to 67.
OF. They will dissave between the ages of 35 and 67.
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Consider the quarterly demand levels for electricity (1000 megawatts) in Polokwane from 2015 to 2018.
Quarter
2015
2016
2017
2018
Jan March
21
35
39
78
Apr- June
42
54
82
114
July- Sept
60
91
136
160
Oct- Dec
12
14
28
40
Using the third period moving average
Determine the adjustment factor:
O a) 1.000
b)0.828
c) 0.758
d) 0.799
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Plz solve in 15 min it's urgent
a.) a shift from D2 to D1 in Figure A
b.) a shift from D2 to D3 in Figure A
c.) a shift from D2 to D1 in Figure B
d.) a shift from D2 to D3 in Figure B
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Pls help me with this homework, I will upvote you…Pls answer in 7-8 sentence only…in simple words
What is predictions for Television in the near and distant future ?
Provide at least 2 examples on why and how you came up with this prediction.
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ent-4.docx
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For a particular video game, the company sells 160 (thousand) copies of the game when the
(thousand) copies of the game.
price of the game is $55. However, when they change the price to $45, the company sells 240
1
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a. As part of the process of finding the price elasticity of demand, what is the percent
change in quantity using the midpoint method? Round your answer to 4 decimal places
ECON 150: Microeconomics
b. As part of the process of finding the price elasticity of demand, what is the percent
change in price using the midpoint method? Round your answer to 4 decimal places if
necessary.
C. Using parts a and b, calculate the price elasticity of demand. Round your answer to 2
decimal places if necessary.
Four
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13. IfQ-KL2 the MP, is
diminishing
b. increasing
constant
d. not enough information to determine
a.
C.
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The monthly demand of a company is showed below, please use the static method to forecast the
demand for Year 6.
Sales Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5
JAN 2,000 3,000 2,000 5,000 5,000
FEB 3,000 4,000 5,000 4,000 2,000
MAR 3,000 3,000 5,000 4,000 3,000
APR 3,000 5,000 3,000 2,000 2,000
MAY 4,000 5,000 4,000 5,000 7,000
JUN 6,000 8,000 6,000 7,000 6,000
JUL 7,000 3,000 7,000 10,000 8,000
AUG 6,000 8,000 10,000 14,000 10,000
SEP 10,000 12,000 15,000 16,000 20,000
OCT 12,000 12,000 15,000 16,000 20,000
NOV 14,000 16,000 18,000 20,000 22,000
DEC 8,000 10,000 8,000 12,000 8,000
Total 78,000 89,000 98,000 115,000 113,000
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Currently, the exchange rate is 100 yen per dollar. InJapan, we sell a product that costs $5 to produce for 700yen. The product has an elasticity of 3. For exchange ratesvarying from 70 to 130 yen per dollar, determine the optimalproduct price in Japan and the profit in dollars. Assume alinear demand curve. Current demand is assumed to equal100.
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Discuss how you would conduct sales
forecasting when working with
government aganecy. Be sure to include
considerations arising from the
pandemic.
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A firm keeps a record of sales and prices over the past seven months, resulting in the following table: Price (ZMW/ton) Sales (tons) Nov. 1985 7.5 84.5 Dec. 8.0 82.0 Jan. 1986 8.0 84.0 Feb. 7.2 92.0 March 7.0 95.0 April 8.0 92.0 May 8.5 91.5 Use these observations to estimate demand as a linear function of both price and time. Further, utilise this function to estimate demand for the following month, on the assumption that: (a) price remains unchanged, (b) price increases to ZMW9/ton. Hence estimate the price elasticity of demand between these prices and find the price which would maximise sales revenue. Given the nature of the observations, comment on any difficulties in interpreting your results for decision-making purposes.
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3- If the slope is equal to 0.5 slop, then the amount of
to. Note that 7 = xi
elasticity at the point is equal
yi=9
Ey =0.83 O
Ey =0.45 O
Ey =0.38 O
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10
00
Interest Rate (%)
N
B Investment
Demand
0 $30 60 90 120 150
Investment ($)
Price Level
Multiple Choice
AS
Real GDP ($)
AD₁ (1=120)
AD₂ (1=90)
*AD3 (1=60)
Refer to the graphs, in which the numbers in parentheses near the AD₁, AD2, and AD3 labels indicate
the level of investment spending associated with each curve. All numbers are in billions of dollars.
The interest rate and the level of investment spending in the economy are at point D on the
investment demand curve. To achieve the long-run goal of a noninflationary, full-employment output
Qfin the economy, the Fed should try to
decrease aggregate demand by increasing the interest rate from 2 to 4 percent.
decrease aggregate demand by increasing the interest rate from 4 to 6 percent.
increase aggregate demand by decreasing the interest rate from 4 to 2 percent.
increase the level of investment spending from $120 billion to $150 billion.
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5. Exercise 5.5
A firm experienced the demand shown in the following table.
Fill in the table by preparing forecasts based on a five-year moving average, a three-year moving
average, and exponential smoothing (w = 0.9
forecasts may be begun by assuming Y t+ F Yt •)
and w = 0.3 ). (Note: The exponential smoothing
Moving Average
Actual Demand (5-year) (3-year)
Exponential Smoothing
(W = 0.9)
Year
(W = 0.3)
2000
900
2001
885
900
900
2002
875
2003
870
887 ▼
2004
870
877 ▼
2005
875
880
872 Y
2006
885
875
872
2007
900
875
877
2008
920
880
887 -
2009
945
890
902 Y
2010
905
922
The following table shows the square errors,
(Y; - T1-) , for forecasts from 2005 through
2009.
Fill the table by calculating the root mean square error (RMSE) for each of the methods.
Square Error
Exponential Smoothing
Moving Average
Year (5-year) (3-year) (W = 0.9)
(W = 0.3)
2005
25
9
25
25
2006
100
169
100
36
2007
625
529
256
361
2008
1,600
1,089
484
1,089
2009
3,025
1,849
729
2,304
RMSE
Based on the RMSE criterion,…
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Director Very Busy needs to allocate time this week for office appointments, so he needs to forecast the
number of employees who will seek appointments. The director has gathered the following time series
data recently
Period Employee Appointments
4 weeks ago 95
3 weeks ago 80
2 week ago 65
last week 50
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Help with this question thx
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11- It is estimated that consumers will buy Q (p)
4,374
kg of imported beans per week when
p2
the price is p$ per kg. It is estimated that t weeks from now, the price of this type of
beans will be p(t) = 0.04t2 + 0.2t + 12 dollars per kg.
a. Estimate the weekly consumer demand for the beans as a function of t.
b. How many kg of beans will consumers buy 10 weeks from now?
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Related Questions
- FORCASTING Month Time QJan 1 46Feb 2 56Mar 3 72Apr 4 67May 5 77Jun 6 66Jul 7 69Aug 8 79Sep 9 88Oct 10 91Nov 11 94Dec 12 104Jan ?Feb ? Make a forecast of the demand for the month of January and Februaryarrow_forwardConsider the following actual and forecast demandlevels for Big Mac hamburgers at a local McDonald’s restaurant:DAY ACTUAL DEMAND FORECAST DEMANDMonday 88 88Tuesday 72 88Wednesday 68 84Thursday 48 80FridayThe forecast for Monday was derived by observing Monday’sdemand level and setting Monday’s forecast level equal to this demand level. Subsequent forecasts were derived by using expo-nential smoothing with a smoothing constant of 0.25. Using this exponential smoothing method, what is the forecast for Big Macdemand for Friday?arrow_forwardthe following data represents a set do demands that have occurred over the last several years at a soap making company. The data were collected on an annual basis. Year Actual Demand (At) Forecast (Ft) 1 310 2 365 3 395 4 415 5 450 6 465 7 a) using the SIMPLE AVERAGE method to predict the demand for the 7th year b) the SIMPLE MOVING AVERAGE method to predict the demand for the 7th yeararrow_forward
- Co. XYZ manufactures a productand sells it for $8 per unit. Her fixedcosts are $5,000 and her variablecost per unit is given by the equationCalculate the equilibrium quantity qalgebraically. 2.444 (X)-2200 A. (q-800) B. q=900 C. (q 650) D. None of the above In the previous problem (27), calculate the amount ofequilibrium Total Income. A. 4,500 B.$3,000 C. $7,200 D. $9,000 In the above problem (27), calculate thebreak-even Total Cost amount. A. 4,500 B. $3,000 C. $9,200 D. 7,200 In the previous problem (27)determine the profit when q-1800.modes of A. $4,500 B. 5,000 C.$6,000 D. 7,000 In the previous problem (27), determine the gain when q-450. A. $2,500 B. -$2,500 C.$6,000 D. -$4,500 In the aboveproblem (27), find the required output (q), to make a profit of$10,000. A. 3,000 B. 4,000 C. 2,500D. 2,700arrow_forwardKSU Products has just carried out a survey of the demand fortheir guidebooks to spoken Arabic. They have found thefollowing results over the last six months.Sales revenue 356 398 372 360 365 350Price ($) 4.5 4.0 4.2 4.5 4.3 4.8a. Estimate an appropriate demand relationship; Q=aPb.b. Make a forecast of sales revenue for a price of $5, statingany assumptions.c. Estimate the price elasticity of demand for the data as a whole.d. If price is raised 10 per cent in general terms, what willhappen to revenue?arrow_forwardMOER The table below shows how supply and demand Price ($/gal) Demand (million of gal.) 1 1.2 790 700 1.4 640 1.6 580 1.95 497 2.2 450 2.4 430 2.6 420 2.8 390 3 360 Note: there is some randomization in the above data to account for price fluctuations. Make sure to check that you input the correct data in your device. Perform the following work • Assume that Supply has a quadratic relationship with the price. Find this relationship (the help buttons contain an article to compute trend-lines in Excel): -21.935p² + 207.365p+339.085 Round your answer to 3 decimal places S(p) ● D(p): = 1.53 • Assume that the Demand has a quadratic relationship with the price. Find this relationship (the help button links to an article to compute trend-lines in Excel): 85.561p² - 543.789p + 1236.729 Round your answer to 3 decimal places Video Solve | Sn... of gasoliine vary depending on the price: Supply (million of gal.) 511 550 600 641 660 680 700 720 735 786 605 - • Use the trendlines to find the price…arrow_forward
- Part C 3. The manager of a certain gasoline station wants to forecast the demand for the unleaded gasoline next month so that the proper number of gallons can be ordered from the distributor. The manager has accumulated the following data demand for unleaded gasoline from sales during the past eight months. Month Gasoline Demanded (gallons) Mar 900 Given that the forecast for March is 920. Apr 755 May 650 Jun 550 Jul 625 Aug 730 Sept 820 Oct 1 100 a. Compute the exponential smoothed forecast for the demand from April to November. Use a = 0.25. b. Compute the exponential smoothed forecast for the demand from April to November. Use a = 0.45. c. Plot the actual demand and the forecasts determined in part a and b on the same graph and compare them. d. Make a comparative analysis out of your answers in the plotted data. (3-5 sentences)arrow_forwardQues 8and 9 pleasearrow_forwardIn the past Peter Kelles tire dealership in Baton Rouge sold an average of 1100 radials each year. In the past 2 years 220 and 240 respectively were sold in fall 360 and 320 in winter and 140 and 160 in spring and 300 and 460 in summer. With a major expansion planned, Kelle projects sales next year to increase to 1300 radials. Based on next years projected sales the demand for each season is going to be (enter your responses as whole numbers) Season Demand Fall 272 Winter [__]arrow_forward
- Question 40 The demand for commodity X is represented by the equation P = 100 - Q and supply by the equation P = 40 + Q. The equilibrium quantity is: 40 30 20 70 « Previous Next » No new data to save. Last checked at 7:37pm Submitarrow_forwardI Consider the demand for trading cards listed below. Month Demand Jan. 51,000 48,000 Feb. March 55,000 April May 58,000 66,000 June 69,000 80,000 July Aug. 95,000 Use Excel to prepare a forecast for September, October, and November using linear regression Print out the sheet of results, as well as a sheet containing the formulas that you used ( can be used to toggle between displaying values and displaying formulas or you can click on Formulas>Formula Auditing→Show Formulas.) and for the cars is 16.000arrow_forwardThe demand of a product of a company is given below for the periods. Can we use Winter method for forecasting demands of the A following 3 periods? Why? If yes, apply it past 4. 6. Demand 27 31 40 31 35 45arrow_forward
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