| The Encyclopedia of World History. 2001. |
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| 1928–30 |
| | | First Antarctic flights by Hubert Wilkins; he mapped large portions of the continent. | 1 |
| | | 1928–30 |
| | | Richard E. Byrd led a large expedition equipped with airplanes and established the base Little America. | 2 |
| | | 1935 |
| | | Foundation of the CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION OF THE NORTH SEA ROUTE by the Soviet government, responsible for exploration and development of all Soviet territory north of 62°. | 3 |
| | | 1937–38 |
| | | A Soviet polar station for research was established on an ice floe near the North Pole. | 4 |
| | | 1956–57 |
| | | The American Amundsen–Scott Station was set up at the South Pole. | 5 |
| | | 1957–58 |
| | | The International Geophysical Year devoted major attention to study in the Antarctic, establishing a network of some 60 research stations in the region. | 6 |
| | | 1958 |
| | | NAUTILUS, an American nuclear-powered submarine, navigated under the North Pole. | 7 |
| | | 1959 |
| | | INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTIC TREATY, signed in Washington by 12 states, agreed to use the Antarctic continent for peaceful purposes only and to suspend territorial claims disputes for 30 years. | 8 |
| | | 1959 |
| | | Skate, an American nuclear-powered submarine, surfaced at the North Pole. | 9 |
| | | 1977 |
| | | ARKTIKA, a Soviet nuclear-powered icebreaker, was the first surface ship to reach the North Pole. | 10 |
| | | 1989 |
| | | Victoria Murden and Shirley Metz were the first women to reach the South Pole overland. | 11 |
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| The Encyclopedia of World History, Sixth
edition. Peter N. Stearns, general editor. Copyright © 2001 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Maps by Mary Reilly, copyright © 2001 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. |
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