| The Encyclopedia of World History. 2001. |
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| 1871–74 |
| | | Discovery of Franz Joseph Land by Austrian explorers Julius Payer and Carl Weyprecht. | 1 |
| | | 1876 |
| | | A new record north was set by Albert H. Markham with the expedition of Sir George S. Nares. | 2 |
| | | 1878–79 |
| | | A. E. Nordenskiöld completed the Northeast Passage, across Siberia, for the first time. | 3 |
| | | 1882 |
| | | Establishment of INTERNATIONAL POLAR STATIONS for research, with nine nations participating. | 4 |
| | | 1888 |
| | | Fridtjof Nansen, with others, made the first crossing of Greenland. | 5 |
| | | 1895 |
| | | Sixth International Geographical Conference (London) identified Antarctic exploration as the most pressing geographical need of the time. | 6 |
| | | 1893–96 |
| | | Nansen expedition drifted with the Arctic ice pack and reached a record north. | 7 |
| | | 1898–1900 |
| | | Carsten Borchgrevink led first party to winter on Antarctic continent and set a record south. | 8 |
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| The Encyclopedia of World History, Sixth
edition. Peter N. Stearns, general editor. Copyright © 2001 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Maps by Mary Reilly, copyright © 2001 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. |
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