Insanity of Maria and regency of her son John, who, with the ardent support of the clergy, undertook a drastic repression of all revolutionary agitation and thought.
War of the Oranges with Spain, resulting from dealings between Spain and France. After a Spanish invasion the Portuguese made peace. By the Treaty of Madrid (Sept. 29), Portugal paid a heavy indemnity and renounced the treaties with Britain.
Napoleon sent Portugal a directive on how to implement the continental system (See Nov. 21). Portugal was hesitant to break off ties with England but was under continued pressure from Napoleon.
