Communist forces who had remained in the south after the partition became more politically active. Diem moved to suppress them, and soon the Vietnam War (Second Indochinese War) had begun. Hanoi agreed to the formation of a National Liberation Front(NLF); various dissident groups in the south, called collectively the Viêt Cong (Vietnamese Communists) formed this organization (Dec. 20, 1960). The Viêt Cong (or NLF) continued to organize among the rural populace despite efforts to root them out, and guerrilla warfare ensued.
The Nghe An rebellion erupted out of discontent with land reform measures begun the previous year in North Vietnam. Hô Chi Minh saw to it that forced collectivization of land ceased thereafter.
