John Chilembwe, an American-trained pastor, led a brief uprising against colonial rule in Nyasaland (Malawi), sparked by forced conscription into World War I and by complaints of labor tenants.
Growth of religious and cultural movements in Southern Rhodesian mining compounds, including Watchtower movement, called Kitawala, and Beni dance associations. Beni dance associations were a syncretic mix of African dance and European marching bands.
Land Apportionment Act in Southern Rhodesia reserved half of the land, and most of the good farming land, for whites, and confirmed the status of African reserves, while requiring African tenants to work for white landlords.
Strike by African mineworkers on Copperbelt of Northern Rhodesia (Zambia), sparked by changes in poll tax administration which worked to the detriment of urban areas.
