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| The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-07. |
| Pavlodar |
| city (1989 pop. 330,748), N Kazakhstan, on the Irtysh River. It is an oil-refining center, and manufactures include heavy machinery, aluminum, and chemicals. It was founded as a fortress in 1720, and remained for many years a quiescent salt manufacturing town. |
| The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Copyright © 2007 Columbia University Press. |
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