| The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-07. |
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| Baltic provinces |
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| historic regions of Courland, Livonia, Estonia, and Ingermanland bordering on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea. They were conquered by Russia from Sweden in the 18th cent. and made into provinces. Ingermanland was included into Russia proper, and the three independent republics of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania were established in 1918. See also Baltic states. |
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| | | The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Copyright © 2007 Columbia University Press. |
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