The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000.
Appendix I
Indo-European Roots
ENTRY:
pleu-
DEFINITION:
To flow. Derivatives include pulmonary, Pluto, flow, fowl, flutter, and fluster. I. Basic form *pleu-.1.plover, pluvial, pluvious, from Latin pluere, to rain. 2.pleuston, from Greek pleusis, sailing. 3. Suffixed zero-grade form *plu-elos.pyelitis, from Greek dissimilated puelos, trough, basin. 4. Suffixed form *pl(e)u-mon-, “floater,” lung(s). a.pulmonary, from Latin pulm (< *plumons), lung(s); b. pneumo-, pneumonia, pneumonic, from Greek pleumn,pneumn (influenced by pneuma, breath; see pneu-), lung. 5. Suffixed o-grade form *plou-to-.Pluto; plutocracy, plutography, from Greek ploutos, wealth, riches (< “overflowing”). 6. Lengthened o-grade form *pl(u)-.a. (i)flow, from Old English flwan, to flow; (ii) perhaps Middle Dutch vluwe, fishnet: flue2. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *flwan, to flow; b. suffixed form *pl-tu-.flood, from Old English fld, flood, from Germanic *flduz, flowing water, deluge. II. Extended form *pleuk-.1.fly1, from Old English flogan, to fly, from Germanic *fleugan, to fly. 2.fly2, from Old English floge, a fly, from Germanic *fleugn-, flying insect, fly. 3. Probably Germanic *fleuhan, to run away. flee, from Old English flon, to flee. 4.fley, from Old English flgan,flgan, to put to flight, from Germanic causative *flaugjan.5.flèche, fletcher, from Old French fleche, arrow, from Germanic suffixed form *fleug-ika.6. Zero-grade form *pluk-.a.fledge, from Old English *flycge, with feathers (only in unfligge, featherless), from Germanic *flugja-, feather; b.flight1, flight2, from Old English flyht, act of flying, and *flyht, act of fleeing, escape, from Germanic suffixed form *flug-ti-;c.fowl, from Old English fugol, bird, from Germanic *fuglaz, bird, dissimilated from possible (but unlikely) suffixed form *flug-laz;d. flügelhorn, fugleman, from Middle High German vlügel, wing, from Germanic suffixed form *flug-ilaz. III. Extended form *pleud-.1.fleet1, fleet2, from Old English flotan, to float, swim (from Germanic *fleutan), and Old Norse fljtr, fleet, swift (from Germanic *fleutaz). 2. Zero-grade form *plud-.a. (i)float, from Old English flotian, to float; (ii)flotsam, from Old French floter, to float. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic derivative *flotn, to float; b.flotilla, from Old Norse floti, raft, fleet; c.flutter, from Old English floterian,flotorian, to float back and forth (-erian, iterative and frequentative suffix); d.flit, from Old Norse flytja, to further, convey, from Germanic *flutjan, to float. a–d all from Germanic *flut-,*flot-.3.fluster, probably from a Scandinavian source akin to Icelandic flaustr, hurry, and flaustra, to bustle, from Germanic *flausta-, contracted from suffixed form *flaut-st-, probably from *pleud-, o-grade *ploud-. (Pokorny pleu- 835, pl(e)u-mon- 837.)
(< *plumon
s), lung(s); b. pneumo-, pneumonia, pneumonic, from Greek pleum
gan, fl
-, probably from *pleud-, o-grade *ploud-. (Pokorny pleu- 835, pl(e)u-mon- 837.)
